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Analysis of Open Burning Data, Surveillance & Prevention of Open Burning - A Case Study of Chiang-Rai Province, Thailand.
Analysis
of Open Burning Data, Surveillance
& Prevention
of Open Burning - A Case Study of Chiang-Rai Province, Thailand.
Abstract
This study aims to analyze trends of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) acquired from Terra / Aqua MODIS and PM10 concentration from 12 PCD air quality ground measurement stations in the period 2007 – 2010, and find their relationship to generate estimated PM10 concentration maps for Upper Northern Thailand during the period 2007-2010 based on obtained relationships, as well as to study the situation of hotspots in March from the years 2007-2010 in Chiang Rai province, where it was found most patients were affected by the haze in the year 2007. The results showed that the trends of AOT and PM10 go together in similar direction. The equation for the relationship between AOT and PM10 between year 2007-2011, from February to March, is Y = 57.09 +70.93 (R = 0.32). Moreover, it also found the rate of fire (Hotspots) of Chiang Rai occurs 55% in forested areas, 40% in agricultural areas, 2% in community area and 3% in other areas. After checking, it was found that burning areas were mostly found in forest areas and caused from the invasion of agriculture, such as rice and corn fields. Farmers tend to clear areas and eliminate weeds to prepare for planting the next season by burning. During burning, there often is a lack of space and fire protection in these areas, resulting in the spreading of fire. For agricultural land, farmer continue burning straw after harvest, because it is easy and saves time. Therefore, to solve the pollution problem as a result of burning, stakeholders in all sectors should seriously work together, offer an alternative and transfer knowledge to farmers to reduce burning.
Introduction
Due to the smoke and haze condition covering the
upper northern areas of Thailand, it has had a direct impact on
air-quality in many areas, including: Chiang-Mai, Chiang-Rai, Mae
Hong Son, Lampang, Lumpoon, Prae and Phayao. This impact affects
people’s health. The major reasons are from forest fires, open
burning and pollution from vehicles (Monkol, 2010). Jiamjai
Kruesuwan, a Thai researcher, found that 50-70% of dust originates
from forest fires, the burning of agricultural lands, diesel fumes,
and the rest at 10%, originate from other sources (Monkol Rayanakorn,
2010). Moreover, it was found that some of the areas affected by
air-pollution were caused by forest fires from neighboring countries.
(Kasemsan et al, 2010 ; Ketsiri, 2010). Forest fire and open burning
make an impact on air pollution which causes smoke, hazy conditions
and dust - Particularly in the atmosphere. The amount of dust with
diameter less than than 10 microns (micrometers) in diameter, or PM
10, and this amount of dusting condition, causes discomfort,
allergies, or respiratory ailments. In addition, it also affects the
business sector as well. Raewadee Rungrattanapong and Areeya
Manasboon (Mongkol Rayanakorn, 2010) found that tourist have
decreased during pollution and smog crisis in Chiang Mai, which leads
to economic damage in that area and all over the country. This was
the original idea of the project, which aims to study air quality in
the upper northern most parts of Thailand, with correlation between,
AOT , PM10 and from all 12 measurement stations. And, to analyze
hotspots in district levels in Chiang-Rai province, during the month
of March since year 2008-2011, in order to understand the situation
of open burning at the local level. The result of this research will
be an important tool for policy planning related to the reduction of
open burning.
Objectives
of the study
The
objectives of the study are listed below:
- To analyze the trend of Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) acquired from Terra/Aqua MODIS and PM10 concentration from 12 PCD air quality ground measurement stations in the period of 2007 – 2010 and find out their relationship.
- To generate estimated PM10 Concentration maps for Upper Northern Thailand during the period of 2007-2010 based on the obtained relationship.
- To study the cause of hotspots in Chiang-Rai Province
Scope
of the Study
The study focuses on Upper Northern
Thailand, which as our study area, it is observed that smoke and haze
problems occur in the dry season of each year, mainly from February
to April, when the level of PM10
concentration raises up due to forest fires and biomass burning
related to agricultural activities. In this study, we use a MODIS
aerosol optical thickness product (MOD04/MYD04) which has a spatial
resolution of 10x10 km2
and PM10
concentration from 12 PCD air quality measurement stations located in
many provinces of the study area . Since the main purpose of the
study is to study the relationship between MODIS, AOT and PCD PM10
concentration distribution, other atmospheric or meteorological
parameters, such as, air temperature, air humidity, wind speed and
direction are not considered in this study.
Besides, we also study the rate of hotspots in
each sub-district of Chiangr-Rai, during the month of March, from
year 2007-2010.
- Data was collected from related organization as follows;
- Data base of hotspots, or active fire from satellite, MODIS Fire Information online systems of Geoinformatics Center (GIC) of the Asian Institute of technology, since 2007-2011.
- Reports on forest fires in Chiang-Rai province, since year 2007-2011 from office no 15.
- Land use data from the Chiang-Rai Land Office.
- Other related data such as elevation data, roads and main roads in Chiang-Rai province, Protection Areas, Forest Cover Types, Administrative Boundaries and harvest calendar.
- Analysis on open burning situations by using Geographic Information Systems
Results
and Comments
The result of the study showed that the rate of hot spots at 55% were
found in forest areas, 44% in agriculture land areas, 2 % in
community areas and 3 % (figure 1) in other areas. The burning season
starts from December, however, most open burning was found in the
month of March. Mae Suay District has the most burning areas,
followed by Wieng Pa Pao District and Muang District. In addition,
Wawee District was found to be the most repeatable burning area -
From inspections during field-trips at specific areas where open
burning was mostly found, most of the land were used for farming corn
and rice during December to March of every year since this time is
considered harvest season. And, the time when farmers also start
preparing areas for planting crops for the next round. However,
farmers tend to clear the land area by burning. Wawee District was
found burning the most due to the switching of planting crops from
corn to coffee. Moreover, it also found that Chiang-Rai province is
also facing a multinational environment, with smoke and haze from
neighboring countries as well.
Conclusion
From
the study, it was found that open burning in Chiang-Rai starts from
December in each year, and to the month of March. The hotspot
areas, mostly from forest and followed by argricultural land. Farmer
tended to burn weeds from the cultivated area to prepare for the next
year. Unfortunately, the way of burning still lacks control, and
results in fire speading. Thefore, to solve the open buring problem
in Chiang-Rai province, it requires the interaction of all relevant
agencies for a concrete unified solution.
Reference
[1] มงคล
รายะนาคร.
(2010). หมอกควันและมลพิษทางอากาศในจังหวัดเชียงใหม่.
เชียงใหม่
:
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